Nature on display in American zoos, Can we prevent the poles from melting?, America’s oldest art? – Reading
14 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E
Answer explanation: The introductory lines of paragraph E states that the major counter-arguments to geoengineering schemes are, first, that they are a ‘cop-out’ that allow us to continue living the way we do, rather than reducing carbon emissions. We can deduce from these lines that the current geoengineering schemes distract humans from the real task of changing the toxic way we live. Thus, the answer is E.
15 Answer: B
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph B
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph B illustrates that Geoengineering has been shown to work, at least on a small, localized scale, for decades. May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. We understand that geoengineering has demonstrated success on a small localised scale for years. For instance, reduced sunlight exposures, harmful gases in the atmosphere and global warming are negative consequences of geoengineering projects. Thus, the answer is B.
16 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 3
Answer explanation: The 3rd line of Paragraph E states that there’s the daunting prospect of upkeep and repair of any scheme as well as the consequences of a technical failure. These lines reveal the arduous prospect of maintenance problems associated with geoengineering projects. So, the answer is E.
17 Answer: F
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph F states that the main reason why geoengineering is countenanced by the mainstream scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree – and then bring in – the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organizations believe the subject is worth exploring. We can deduce from these lines that the primary reason why geoengineering is possible by the mainstream scientific community is because most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree and then bring in the essential carbon cuts. Some of them also believe that the subject is worth discovering. It is evident that the government is forcing the geoengineering projects due to the lack of confidence in them for major projects for eliminating harmful emissions from the atmosphere. Thus, the answer is F.
18 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Information
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of paragraph A states that currently, the only serious option on the table for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions, but while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. We can understand that the majority of the countries are failing to cut back their carbon emissions. However, some countries are doing good to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. These lines indicate that more success in fighting climate change in some parts of the world than others. So, the answer is A.
19 Answer: birch trees
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1 – 3
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph D states that a number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined in the Russian Arctic. These include planting millions of birch trees: the thinking, according to Kallio, is that their white bark would increase the amount of reflected sunlight. The loss of their leaves in winter would also enable the snow to reflect radiation. We can deduce that a number of geoengineering ideas are currently being determined by the Russian Arctic, including planting millions of birch trees, because their white bark would increase the amount of reflected sunrise and the loss of their leaves in winter would enable snow to reflect radiation. Thus, the answer is birch trees.
20 Answer: (Russian) rivers
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of Paragraph D states that using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea ice in both Arctic and Antarctic waters in their respective autumns, and diverting Russian rivers to increase cold-water (low to ice-forming areas, could also be used to slow down warming. We can understand that an ice breaking vessel was used to break up and scatter ice in Arctic and Antarctic waters in autumns and distract Russian rivers to increase coldwater. So, the answer is Russian rivers.
21 Answer: Pumps
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph C illustrates that one idea is to bolster an ice cap by spraying it with water. Using pumps to carry water from below the sea ice, the spray would come out as snow or ice particles, producing thicker sea ice with a higher albedo (the ratio of sunlight reflected from a surface) to reflect summer radiation. These lines suggest that by using pumps to carry water from below the sea ice, the spray would come out as snow. Therefore, another way of increasing the amount of ice involves using pumps to bring water to the surface. So, the answer is Pumps.
22 Answer: Cables
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: The 4th line of paragraph C elucidates that the Scientists have also scrutinized whether it is possible to block ice fjords in Greenland with cables that have been reinforced, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. These lines indicate that scientists have verified if it’s possible to block ice fjords in Greenland with reinforced cables, preventing ice bergs from moving into the sea. Thus, the answer is Cables.
23 Answer: Volcanic Explosions
Question type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 6
Answer explanation: The 6th line of paragraph B states that the idea is modelled on historical volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5“C. These lines reveal that the idea is modelled on the volcanic explosions that led to a short term cooling of global temperatures. Therefore, a suggestion for cooling global temperatures is based on what happened in the past after volcanic explosions which involves creating clouds of gas. So, the answer is volcanic explosions.
24 Answer: C
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph E illustrates the sayings by Dr. Phil Rasch, chief scientist for climate change at the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. He said, ’I think all of us agree that if we were to end geoengineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within 10 to 20 years,’. These lines clearly conclude the fact that geo-engineering projects only offer a short-term solution. So, the answer is C.
25 Answer: D
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 7
Answer explanation: The 7th line of paragraph E illustrates the sayings by Dr. Dan Lunt. He said, ‘I would consider geoengineering as a strategy to employ only while we manage the conversion to a non-fossil- fuel economy.’ ‘The risk with geoengineering projects is that you can “overshoot”, ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialization.’ These lines indicate a positive outcome of geoengineering, which might have adverse effects elsewhere. So, the answer is D.
26 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Features
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 3
Answer explanation: The 3rd line of paragraph F demonstrates, As Dr. Mortin Sommerkorn, a climate change advisor says. ‘But human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where it is important not to exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities despite the potential drawbacks. If, over the coming years, science tells us about an ever-increased climate sensitivity of the planet – and this isn’t unrealistic – they may be best served by not having to start our thinking from scratch.’ It is evident from these lines that Dr. Martin Sommerkorn saying that the problems of geoengineering shouldn’t mean that ideas are not seriously considered. So, the answer is A.
America’s oldest art? Reading Answers (Passage 3)
27 Answer: B
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 5
Answer explanation: We find reference for the rock-art in Serra da Capivara in Paragraph A, where the 5th line of paragraph A states that If correct, this is set to challenge the wide-field view that America was first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. We can deduce from these lines that the current ideas of America being colonized from the north in 10,000 BC, and the South in the later millenia proved that the earliest people arrived much before in South America. So, the answer is B.
28 Answer: A
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph B reveals that the artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually hunted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as they try to escape from hunting parties. We can deduce that the artists illustrated the animals roaming in the local ancient brushwood forest in his paintings. Even the large mammals were hunted in groups, who were actually trying to escape from hunting parties. Thus, the artists painted whatever they observed in their surroundings which was then countryside. So, the answer is A.
29 Answer: D
Question type: Multiple Choice Question
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph D states Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. We understand that the artists of Serra da Capivara did not draw over old paintings as occurred in the rockarts, which made it difficult to identify the relative chronology of the images or styles. This was not very common in the case of rock arts as artists drew over old motifs, that is they rarely made new paintings on the top of old ones. So, the answer is D.
30 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph A illustrates that most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically – important National Park of the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. We can deduce from these lines that the excavations are still underway and new artworks are being discovered in Serra da Capivara, which led to the incomplete survey. Here, ongoing refers to the continuation of the survey. Therefore, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
31 Answer: Yes
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph B
Answer explanation: The introductory line of Paragraph B states that prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. We can understand that it was challenging to enter the rock art sites before they were turned into a national park. In the ancient times, the inaccessibility to these sites increased its importance, where people painted the rock arts. These lines indicate that the artists had a significant role in their society. Thus, the statement matches the information, so, the answer is Yes.
32 Answer: Not Given
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph B illustrates that the artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually hunted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as they try to escape from hunting parties. We can understand that the artists drew paintings which illustrated animals roaming in the local ancient brushwood forests and the large mammals being hunted in groups, while they also tried to escape from hunters. However, there’s no reference that animals were regarded as sacred by ancient people. So, the answer is Not Given.
33 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph C states that due to the favorable climatic conditions, the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. We understand that the paintings are in a remarkable state as the climate conditions have helped in preserving most of the imagery on the panels. The characteristics affecting the preservation of the arts are conservation issues. The statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
34 Answer: Yes
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 5
Answer explanation: The 5th line of paragraph C states that these have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. We understand that the paintings have been buried in floor deposits and the deposition due to the soil erosion has helped archaeologists to study these rock art sites and find their approximate dates. Thus, the answer is Yes.
35 Answer: Not Given
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 12
Answer explanation: The 12th line of paragraph C illustrates that along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. These lines reveal that crude stone tools were found along with painted rock fragments in the excavations carried out, which are dated by Niede Guidon. However, there’s no reference that the tools found near some paintings were used for hunting animals. So, the answer is Not Given.
36 Answer: No
Question type: Yes/No/Not Given
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 2
Answer explanation: The 2nd line of paragraph D illustrates that several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years ago, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. We can understand from these lines that North American researchers have gone beyond and suggested that the rock art from the site dates from earlier than 3,730 years ago, on the basis of the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Thus, the statement contradicts the information, so, the answer is No.
37 Answer: C
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 7
Answer explanation: The 7th line of paragraph C states that dating the art is extremely difficult over the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. We understand from these lines that dating the art is challenging over the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. Therefore, the materials derived from plants or animals are absent from rock art sites in the Serra da Capivara. So, the answer is C.
38 Answer: E
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: The initial line of paragraph D states that critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may, in fact, be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. These lines indicate that the North American critics are in favour that the hearths may be a natural phenomenon due to seasonal brushwood fires. Thus, it is evident that discussion about the ancient hearths center on whether or not they’re actually man-made. So, the answer is E.
39 Answer: A
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 1
Answer explanation: The introductory line of paragraph E states that with fierce debates thus raging over to dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. We understand that the origin of South Americans have become a matter of debate amongst paleo anthropologists who have suggested that modern humans may have originated from Africa following the Atlantic Ocean while others suggested colonisation hailing from the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, the theories about where the first South Americans originated from giving rise to a great deal of debate among anthropologists. So, the answer is A.
40 Answer: B
Question type: Matching Sentence Endings
Answer location: Paragraph F
Answer explanation: The initial lines of paragraph F illustrates that despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in die state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. We understand that although the evidence from excavations hints at the earlier colonisation of South America, the Oregon findings in North America do not support the earliest dates as the current dates of human evidence dates to 12,300 years.
