Một số gợi ý trong Báo cáo khoa học bằng tiếng Anh (28.1.2015)
Trong tiếng Anh, bốn kỹ năng nghe, nói, đọc, viết đã trở thành những kỹ năng chuẩn hóa mà khi giao tiếp quốc tế, bất cứ một cá nhân nào cũng phải tự trang bị cho mình các kỹ năng đó ở một trình độ nhất định. Ý thức được tầm quan trọng đó, tôi cùng các đồng nghiệp luôn cố gắng trau dồi, tự học hỏi, tham gia tập huấn để có thể tích luỹ được ngày càng nhiều kiến thức, kinh nghiệm phục vụ quá trình giảng dạy cho học sinh, sinh viên.
Trong ảnh: Giáo viên Trung tâm ngoại ngữ tham gia Khóa tập huấn cho Giáo viên dạy tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Hàng Hải khu vực châu Á tại Malaysia
Một trong những nhiệm vụ quan trọng của người giảng viên đó là tham gia các hoạt động nghiên cứu khoa học như viết luận văn, báo cáo khoa học hay bài báo. Với quan điểm của riêng tôi, việc trình bày các công trình khoa học bằng tiếng Việt đã là vấn đề khó, tuy nhiên bằng tiếng nước ngoài (tiếng Anh) lại càng khó khăn hơn. Trong xu thế hội nhập, toàn cầu hoá, các hội thảo khoa học đã trở lên phổ biến và đã trở thành hoạt động thường niên trong các trường đại học, cao đẳng, đặc biệt là các trường đào tạo theo chuẩn quốc tế như nhà trường chúng ta. Với những kinh nghiệm trong quá trình học tập và công tác, tôi mong muốn đưa ra một số gợi ý về cách diễn đạt Tiếng Anh trong quá trình viết, trình bày báo cáo khoa học. Với nội dung bao gồm nhiều phần, và mỗi phần có chức năng khác nhau, cho nên việc lựa chọn câu văn phù hợp với mục đích và thể hiện được ý chí của người trình bày là một vấn đề quan trọng. Sau đây là những gợi ý mà tác giả đưa ra với mong muốn để người đọc có thể sử dụng để tô thêm màu sắc cho bài báo khoa học bằng tiếng Anh:
Trong ảnh: Hội thảo quốc gia về phổ biến Công ước STCW, sửa đổi tại Đại học Hàng Hải Việt Nam
1. Những câu văn nhằm thuyết phục tầm quan trọng của vấn đề:
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is
It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the
X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
X is a common disorder characterised by
X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ……
In the history of development A, X has been thought of as a key factor in
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and
Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.
X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 10% of the global burden of disease.
X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
2. Nói về tầm quan trọng với thời gian tính
Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ……
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ……
Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ……
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ……
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …….
The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of……
Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ……
One of the most important events of the 1970s was ……
Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ……
X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
The changes experienced by Xs over the past decade remain unprecedented.
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and have been extensively used for decades to …….
3. Nhấn mạnh vấn đề trong nghiên cứu
However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ……
However, a major problem with this kind of application is ……
Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ……
There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ……
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ……
4. Mô tả một tình trạng “controversy” trong chuyên ngành
To date there has been little agreement on what ……
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …..
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ……
In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ……
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ……
This concept has recently been challenged by ……. studies demonstrating …….
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ……
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ……
In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ……
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ……
The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of …….
The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ……
One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ……
One major issue in early X research concerned…….
5. Viết về khoảng trống tri thức trong chuyên ngành
So far, however, there has been little discussion about ……
However, far too little attention has been paid to ……
Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed …….
So far this method has only been applied to ……
Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for …..
However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ……
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ……
However, there is no reliable evidence that ……
6. Những câu văn viết về mục tiêu nghiên cứu
This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of ……
The objectives of this research are to determine whether ……
This paper seeks to address the following questions:
This essay critically examines/discusses/traces ……
The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ……
This paper will review the research conducted on ……
In this paper I argue that …..
This chapter reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ……
The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ……
The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate ……
7. Những câu văn giới thiệu cấu trúc của bài báo (thích hợp cho bài báo tổng quan)
The main questions/issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).
This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ……
The essay has been organised in the following way.
This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
This paper begins by …… It will then go on to ……
The first section of this paper will examine ……
Finally, …….
Chapter 2 begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ……
Chapter 3 describes the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of ……
The last chapter assesses the ……
8. Đề cập đến các nghiên cứu trước
Many authors have argued that …… (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)
Numerous studies have attempted to explain ….. (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)
Recent evidence suggests that ……. (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can …… (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ……
Several attempts have been made to ……. (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on …… (Smith, 1996; Jones …….
Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an …….. account, whilst Jones …..
Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ……
Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity
Previous studies have reported …… (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ……
A number of studies have found that …… (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).
Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …….
At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between……
Other studies have considered the relationship ……
The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, …….
The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and …….
Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).
X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).
It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)
It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ……
It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to …… (Smith, 1998; ……
9. Đề cập đến kiến thức hiện hành
A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to …… (Jones et al.,1998).
GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).
There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).
X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).
MIF has been found to oppose the anti-infammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004).
10. Đề cập đến một nghiên cứu nổi tiếng
Preliminary work on X was undertaken by AbdulKarim (1992).
The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.
The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)……
Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).
A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ……
A longitiudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ……
A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ……
Smith’s cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ……
Smith’s comparative study (2002) found that ……
Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ……
In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ……
In a radomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ……
In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y.
Classical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ……
The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970
The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872
X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ……
X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from …… (Wang et al., 1952).
The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).
To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ….
11. Đề cập đến ý tưởng của tác giả khác
According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.
This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ……
Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that ……
As Smith reminds us, …………..
Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ……
12. Cách trích dẫn
In the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: “Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point …….”
Sachs concludes: “The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…” (Sachs, 1992a: 156).
As Smith argues: “In the past, the purpose of education was to ……” (Smith , 2000:150).
As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: “there are many good reasons to be sceptical”
Trên đây chỉ là một số gợi ý với mong muốn đưa ra một số gợi ý để hỗ trợ người viết, trình bày báo cáo khoa học bằng tiếng Anh có cách sử dụng ngôn từ và câu phong phú hơn. Những nội dung này chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo và cần có sự bổ sung thêm để có thể hoàn thiện hơn. Rất mong nhận được sự đóng góp ý kiến của các tổ chức và cá nhân. Tôi xin trân thành cám ơn!
Thạc sỹ Nguyễn Trung Kiên – Giảng viên Trung tâm Ngoại ngữ – Trường CĐ Hàng hải I
